The Laurels Family Center at Bryn Mawr Living

Isle in the North Atlantic Sea off the northwest coast of continental Europe

Slap-up Great britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km² (80,823 sq mi), it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European isle, and the 9th-largest isle in the world.^{[vi] [note 1]} The island is dominated past a maritime climate with narrow temperature differences between seasons. The sixty% smaller island of Ireland is to the west – and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands and named substantial rocks, form the British Isles archipelago.^[viii]

Connected to mainland Europe until 8,000 years ago, Cracking Britain has been inhabited past modern humans for effectually thirty,000 years. In 2011, the island had a population of about 61 million people, making information technology the earth's third-virtually-populous isle later on Java in Republic of indonesia and Honshu in Nippon.^{[9] [10]}

The term "Great Britain" is frequently used to refer to England, Scotland and Wales, including their component adjoining islands.^[11] Slap-up Britain and Northern Ireland now constitute the United Kingdom.^[12] The single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the 1707 Acts of Wedlock betwixt the kingdoms of England (which at the time incorporated Wales) and Scotland.

Terminology

Toponymy

The archipelago has been referred to past a single name for over 2000 years: the term 'British Isles' derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. Past l BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a collective name for the British Isles.^[13] However, with the Roman conquest of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, and later Roman-occupied Britain s of Caledonia.^{[14] [15] [16]}

The earliest known proper noun for Great britain is Albion (Greek: Ἀλβιών) or insula Albionum, from either the Latin albus significant "white" (mayhap referring to the white cliffs of Dover, the first view of Uk from the continent) or the "island of the Albiones".^[17] The oldest mention of terms related to Neat Britain was by Aristotle (384–322 BC), or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, "There are two very large islands in it, chosen the British Isles, Albion and Ierne".^[xviii]

The get-go known written employ of the word Britain was an aboriginal Greek transliteration of the original P-Celtic term in a work on the travels and discoveries of Pytheas that has not survived. The earliest existing records of the word are quotations of the periplus by later authors, such every bit those within Strabo's Geographica, Pliny's Natural History and Diodorus of Sicily's Bibliotheca historica.^[19] Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) in his Natural History records of Great Britain: "Its erstwhile proper name was Albion; merely at a later on menstruation, all the islands, of which we shall just now briefly make mention, were included under the name of 'Britanniæ.'"^[20]

The name U.k. descends from the Latin name for Great britain, Britannia or Brittānia, the land of the Britons. Former French Bretaigne (whence also Modern French Bretagne) and Eye English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten (also Breoton-lond, Breten-lond). Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the travel writings of Pytheas around 320 BC, which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far northward as Thule (probably Norway).

The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni or Pretani.^[17] Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source equally the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Republic of ireland.^[21] The latter were after chosen Picts or Caledonians past the Romans. Greek historians Diodorus of Sicily and Strabo preserved variants of Prettanike from the work of Greek explorer Pytheas of Massalia, who travelled from his home in Hellenistic southern Gaul to Britain in the quaternary century BC. The term used by Pytheas may derive from a Celtic word meaning "the painted ones" or "the tattooed folk" in reference to trunk decorations.^[22] According to Strabo, Pytheas referred to Britain as Bretannikē, which is treated a feminine noun.^{[23] [24] [25] [26]} Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the isle group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles).^[27]

Derivation of Nifty

A 1490 Italian reconstruction of the relevant map of Ptolemy who combined the lines of roads and of the benumbed expeditions during the commencement century of Roman occupation. Two nifty faults, however, are an east-projecting Scotland and none of Republic of ireland seen to be at the aforementioned breadth of Wales, which may have been if Ptolemy used Pytheas' measurements of latitude.^[28] Whether he did so is a much debated issue. This "copy" appears in blue below.

The Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as cracking Britain (μεγάλη Βρεττανία megale Brettania) and to Republic of ireland every bit picayune Britain (μικρὰ Βρεττανία mikra Brettania) in his work Almagest (147–148 AD).^[29] In his after work, Geography (c. 150 Advertising), he gave the islands the names Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona (the Isle of Man),^[30] suggesting these may have been the names of the individual islands not known to him at the time of writing Almagest.^[31] The name Albion appears to have fallen out of use onetime later the Roman conquest of Britain, subsequently which U.k. became the more commonplace name for the island.^[17]

Afterwards the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a historical term only. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) refers to the isle of Bang-up Uk as Britannia major ("Greater Britain"), to distinguish it from Britannia modest ("Lesser Great britain"), the continental region which approximates to modern Brittany, which had been settled in the fifth and 6th centuries by Celtic Briton migrants from Great Britain.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The term Dandy Uk was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing upwards the proposal for a spousal relationship between Cecily, girl of Edward 4 of England, and James, son of James Three of Scotland, which described it as "this Nobill Isle, callit Gret Britanee". While promoting a possible royal match in 1548, Lord Protector Somerset said that the English language and Scots were, "like as twoo brethren of one Islande of swell Britaynes once again." In 1604, James Half-dozen and I styled himself "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland".^[32]

Modernistic use of the term Great United kingdom

Great Uk refers geographically to the isle of Slap-up United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Politically, it may refer to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales, including their smaller offshore islands.^[33] It is not technically correct to use the term to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom which includes Northern Ireland, though the Oxford English Dictionary states "...the term is likewise used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom."^{[34] [35]}

Similarly, Britain can refer to either all islands in Great United kingdom, the largest island, or the political grouping of countries.^[36] There is no clear distinction, even in regime documents: the U.k. government yearbooks take used both United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland ^[37] and Great britain.^[38]

GB and GBR are used instead of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in some international codes to refer to the United Kingdom, including the Universal Postal Matrimony, international sports teams, NATO, and the International Organization for Standardization land codes ISO 3166-2 and ISO 3166-one alpha-iii, whilst the aircraft registration prefix is G.

On the Internet, .uk is the state code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. A .gb top-level domain was used to a express extent, merely is at present deprecated; although existing registrations still exist (mainly by government organizations and email providers), the domain name registrar will not take new registrations.

In the Olympics, Team GB is used past the British Olympic Clan to correspond the British Olympic team. The Olympic Quango of Ireland claims to represent the whole isle of Ireland, and Northern Irish gaelic sportspeople may choose to compete for either team,^[39] most choosing to represent Ireland.^[xl]

Political definition

Political definition of Keen Britain (night light-green)

 – in Europe (green & night grey)

Politically, Britain refers to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales in combination,^[41] but non Northern Republic of ireland; it includes islands, such every bit the Isle of Wight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides and the island groups of Orkney and Shetland, that are part of England, Wales, or Scotland. It does not include the Isle of Human and the Channel Islands.^{[41] [42]}

The political union that joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland happened in 1707 when the Acts of Marriage ratified the 1706 Treaty of Union and merged the parliaments of the ii nations, forming the Kingdom of Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, which covered the unabridged isle. Earlier this, a personal union had existed between these two countries since the 1603 Spousal relationship of the Crowns under James Half dozen of Scotland and I of England.^{[ citation needed ]}

History

Prehistoric period

U.k. was probably commencement inhabited by those who crossed on the land bridge from the European mainland. Homo footprints have been found from over 800,000 years agone in Norfolk^[43] and traces of early humans have been found (at Boxgrove Quarry, Sussex) from some 500,000 years agone^[44] and modern humans from virtually thirty,000 years ago. Until well-nigh fourteen,000 years ago, it was connected to Ireland, and as recently equally viii,000 years agone it retained a state connexion to the continent, with an expanse of by and large low marshland joining information technology to what are now Denmark and holland.^[45]

In Cheddar Gorge, near Bristol, the remains of fauna species native to mainland Europe such as antelopes, brown bears, and wild horses take been institute alongside a human skeleton, 'Cheddar Human being', dated to well-nigh 7150 BC.^[46] Peachy Britain became an island at the end of the last glacial catamenia when sea levels rose due to the combination of melting glaciers and the subsequent isostatic rebound of the crust. Corking Britain'south Iron Historic period inhabitants are known every bit Britons; they spoke Celtic languages.

Roman and medieval period

Prima Europe tabula. A "copy" of Ptolemy's 2nd-century map of Roman Britain. See notes to image in a higher place.

The Romans conquered near of the island (upwards to Hadrian's Wall in northern England) and this became the Ancient Roman province of Britannia. In the course of the 500 years afterwards the Roman Empire fell, the Britons of the s and east of the island were assimilated or displaced by invading Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, often referred to collectively every bit Anglo-Saxons). At about the same fourth dimension, Gaelic tribes from Republic of ireland invaded the north-west, absorbing both the Picts and Britons of northern Britain, eventually forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the ninth century. The s-eastward of Scotland was colonised by the Angles and formed, until 1018, a function of the Kingdom of Northumbria. Ultimately, the population of south-east Britain came to be referred to as the English people, so-named after the Angles.

Germanic speakers referred to Britons as Welsh. This term came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is at present Wales, but it also survives in names such as Wallace and in the second syllable of Cornwall. Cymry, a name the Britons used to depict themselves, is similarly restricted in mod Welsh to people from Wales, just also survives in English in the identify proper name of Cumbria. The Britons living in the areas at present known as Wales, Cumbria and Cornwall were not alloyed by the Germanic tribes, a fact reflected in the survival of Celtic languages in these areas into more recent times.^[47] At the time of the Germanic invasion of Southern United kingdom, many Britons emigrated to the area at present known as Brittany, where Breton, a Celtic language closely related to Welsh and Cornish and descended from the language of the emigrants, is still spoken. In the 9th century, a series of Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control (an area known equally the Danelaw). In the 10th century, however, all the English kingdoms were unified nether one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom, Northumbria, submitted to Edgar in 959. In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, who introduced a Norman-speaking administration that was somewhen alloyed. Wales came under Anglo-Norman command in 1282, and was officially annexed to England in the 16th century.

Early mod period

On 20 Oct 1604 King James, who had succeeded separately to the two thrones of England and Scotland, proclaimed himself "King of Great Brittaine, France, and Ireland".^[48] When James died in 1625 and the Privy Council of England was drafting the proclamation of the new male monarch, Charles I, a Scottish peer, Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie, succeeded in insisting that it use the phrase "Rex of Groovy Uk", which James had preferred, rather than King of Scotland and England (or vice versa).^[49] While that title was likewise used by some of James'due south successors, England and Scotland each remained legally separate countries, each with its ain parliament, until 1707, when each parliament passed an Act of Union to ratify the Treaty of Union that had been agreed the previous yr. This created a single kingdom with 1 parliament with effect from 1 May 1707. The Treaty of Marriage specified the name of the new all-island state as "Swell Britain", while describing it as "One Kingdom" and "the United kingdom". To well-nigh historians, therefore, the all-island state that existed between 1707 and 1800 is either "Great Britain" or the "Kingdom of Neat Britain".

Geography

View of Uk'due south declension from Cap Gris-Nez in northern France

United kingdom lies on the European continental shelf, role of the Eurasian Plate and off the n-west coast of continental Europe, separated from this European mainland by the North Sea and past the English Aqueduct, which narrows to 34 km (18 nmi; 21 mi) at the Straits of Dover.^[l] It stretches over about x degrees of latitude on its longer, north–s centrality and covers 209,331 kmⁱⁱ (fourscore,823 sq mi), excluding the much smaller surrounding islands.^[51] The North Aqueduct, Irish Sea, St George'due south Channel and Celtic Sea divide the island from the island of Ireland to its w.^[52] The island is since 1993 joined, via one structure, with continental Europe: the Channel Tunnel, the longest undersea rail tunnel in the globe. The island is marked past depression, rolling countryside in the east and southward, while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions. Information technology is surrounded by over ane,000 smaller islands and islets. The greatest distance between two points is 968.0 km (601+ ane⁄2  mi) (betwixt Land'south End, Cornwall and John o' Groats, Caithness), 838 miles (1,349 km) by route.

The English language Channel is idea to accept been created betwixt 450,000 and 180,000 years agone past ii catastrophic glacial lake flare-up floods caused past the breaching of the Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge that held back a large proglacial lake, now submerged under the Northward Sea.^[53] Around 10,000 years agone, during the Devensian glaciation with its lower sea level, Great Britain was non an isle, only an upland region of continental northwestern Europe, lying partially underneath the Eurasian water ice sheet. The sea level was virtually 120 metres (390 ft) lower than today, and the bed of the Due north Body of water was dry and acted equally a land bridge, now known as Doggerland, to the Continent. It is generally thought that every bit body of water levels gradually rose later on the cease of the concluding glacial period of the current ice historic period, Doggerland reflooded cut off what was the British peninsula from the European mainland by effectually 6500 BC.^[54]

Geology

Great Britain has been subject field to a diverseness of plate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time. Irresolute latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences, whilst successive continental collisions have affected its geological structure with major faulting and folding being a legacy of each orogeny (mountain-building period), oftentimes associated with volcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences. As a consequence of this eventful geological history, the island shows a rich variety of landscapes.

The oldest rocks in Great Britain are the Lewisian gneisses, metamorphic rocks institute in the far north west of the island and in the Hebrides (with a few pocket-size outcrops elsewhere), which date from at to the lowest degree 2,700My ago. S of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the Due north Westward Highlands and Grampian Highlands in Scotland. These are substantially the remains of folded sedimentary rocks that were deposited betwixt 1,000 My and 670 My agone over the gneiss on what was then the floor of the Iapetus Body of water.

In the current era the north of the island is rising as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted. Counterbalanced, the southward and e is sinking, generally estimated at 1 mm ( one⁄25  inch) per year, with the London surface area sinking at double this partly due to the standing compaction of the contempo dirt deposits.

Fauna

The robin is popularly known every bit "Britain's favourite bird".^[55]

Animal diversity is small-scale, as a result of factors including the isle's small land surface area, the relatively recent age of the habitats adult since the last glacial menstruation and the island'south physical separation from continental Europe, and the furnishings of seasonal variability.^[56] U.k. as well experienced early industrialisation and is discipline to continuing urbanisation, which have contributed towards the overall loss of species.^[57] A DEFRA (Section for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) study from 2006 suggested that 100 species have become extinct in the United kingdom during the 20th century, about 100 times the groundwork extinction charge per unit. However, some species, such as the brown rat, cherry play tricks, and introduced grayness squirrel, are well adapted to urban areas.

Rodents make up 40% of the mammal species.^{[ citation needed ]} These include squirrels, mice, voles, rats and the recently reintroduced European beaver.^[57] There is also an abundance of European rabbit, European hare, shrews, European mole and several species of bat.^[57] Carnivorous mammals include the red flim-flam, Eurasian badger, Eurasian otter, weasel, stoat and elusive Scottish wildcat.^[58] Various species of seal, whale and dolphin are establish on or around British shores and coastlines. The largest country-based wild animals today are deer. The scarlet deer is the largest species, with roe deer and dormant deer besides prominent; the latter was introduced past the Normans.^{[58] [59]} Sika deer and two more species of smaller deer, muntjac and Chinese h2o deer, have been introduced, muntjac becoming widespread in England and parts of Wales while Chinese h2o deer are restricted mainly to Eastward Anglia. Habitat loss has afflicted many species. Extinct large mammals include the brown bear, grayness wolf and wild boar; the latter has had a limited reintroduction in contempo times.^[57]

At that place is a wealth of birdlife, with 619 species recorded,^[threescore] of which 258 breed on the isle or remain during winter.^[61] Because of its mild winters for its latitude, Great britain hosts important numbers of many wintering species, peculiarly waders, ducks, geese and swans.^[62] Other well known bird species include the golden eagle, greyness heron, common kingfisher, common wood dove, house sparrow, European robin, greyness partridge, and various species of crow, finch, gull, auk, bickering, owl and falcon.^[63] In that location are six species of reptile on the island; three snakes and three lizards including the legless slowworm. One snake, the adder, is venomous but rarely mortiferous.^[64] Amphibians present are frogs, toads and newts.^[57] In that location are likewise several introduced species of reptile and amphibian.^[65]

Flora

In a similar sense to fauna, and for similar reasons, the flora consists of fewer species compared to much larger continental Europe.^[66] The flora comprises three,354 vascular found species, of which ii,297 are native and ane,057 take been introduced.^[67] The island has a broad variety of trees, including native species of birch, beech, ash, hawthorn, elm, oak, yew, pine, cherry and apple.^[68] Other copse have been naturalised, introduced specially from other parts of Europe (particularly Norway) and North America. Introduced trees include several varieties of pine, anecdote, maple, spruce, sycamore and fir, too as cherry plum and pear trees.^[68] The tallest species are the Douglas firs; two specimens accept been recorded measuring 65 metres or 212 feet.^[69] The Fortingall Yew in Perthshire is the oldest tree in Europe.^[seventy]

There are at least i,500 unlike species of wildflower.^[71] Some 107 species are particularly rare or vulnerable and are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Human activity 1981. It is illegal to uproot whatsoever wildflowers without the landowner'south permission.^{[71] [72]} A vote in 2002 nominated various wildflowers to represent specific counties.^[73] These include scarlet poppies, bluebells, daisies, daffodils, rosemary, gorse, iris, ivy, mint, orchids, brambles, thistles, buttercups, primrose, thyme, tulips, violets, cowslip, heather and many more.^{[74] [75] [76] [77]}
In that location are also many species of algae and mosses across the island.

Fungi

There are many species of fungi including lichen-forming species, and the mycobiota is less poorly known than in many other parts of the world. The most recent checklist of Basidiomycota (subclass fungi, jelly fungi, mushrooms and toadstools, puffballs, rusts and smuts), published in 2005, accepts over 3600 species.^[78] The nigh recent checklist of Ascomycota (cup fungi and their allies, including nigh lichen-forming fungi), published in 1985, accepts some other 5100 species.^[79] These two lists did not include conidial fungi (fungi generally with affinities in the Ascomycota only known but in their asexual country) or whatever of the other main fungal groups (Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota). The number of fungal species known very probably exceeds 10,000. At that place is widespread agreement among mycologists that many others are all the same to be discovered.

Demographics

Settlements

London is the capital of England and the whole of the United Kingdom, and is the seat of the United Kingdom'south regime. Edinburgh and Cardiff are the capitals of Scotland and Wales, respectively, and house their devolved governments.

Largest urban areas

Rank	City-region	Built-up surface area[80]	Population (2011 Census)	Area (km2)	Density (people/kmii)
1	London	Greater London	ix,787,426	1,737.9	5,630
ii	Manchester–Salford	Greater Manchester	two,553,379	630.three	4,051
iii	Birmingham–Wolverhampton	West Midlands	two,440,986	598.nine	four,076
iv	Leeds–Bradford	West Yorkshire	1,777,934	487.8	three,645
5	Glasgow	Greater Glasgow	i,209,143	368.5	3,390
6	Liverpool	Liverpool	864,122	199.half-dozen	4,329
7	Southampton–Portsmouth	South Hampshire	855,569	192.0	four,455
eight	Newcastle upon Tyne–Sunderland	Tyneside	774,891	180.5	4,292
9	Nottingham	Nottingham	729,977	176.iv	four,139
10	Sheffield	Sheffield	685,368	167.v	iv,092

Language

In the Late Bronze Age, Uk was part of a culture chosen the Atlantic Statuary Age, held together past maritime trading, which also included Republic of ireland, France, Kingdom of spain and Portugal. In contrast to the generally accepted view^[81] that Celtic originated in the context of the Hallstatt civilisation, since 2009, John T. Koch and others accept proposed that the origins of the Celtic languages are to be sought in Statuary Age Western Europe, especially the Iberian Peninsula.^{[82] [83] [84] [85]} Koch et al.'s proposal has failed to find wide credence amongst experts on the Celtic languages.^[81]

All the mod Brythonic languages (Breton, Cornish, Welsh) are generally considered to derive from a mutual ancestral language termed Brittonic, British, Common Brythonic, Old Brythonic or Proto-Brythonic, which is thought to have adult from Proto-Celtic or early Insular Celtic by the 6th century AD.^[86] Brythonic languages were probably spoken before the Roman invasion at to the lowest degree in the bulk of Great Great britain south of the rivers Along and Clyde, though the Isle of Man later on had a Goidelic language, Manx. Northern Scotland mainly spoke Pritennic, which became Pictish, which may have been a Brythonic language. During the menstruation of the Roman occupation of Southern Britain (Advertisement 43 to c. 410), Common Brythonic borrowed a big stock of Latin words. Approximately 800 of these Latin loan-words have survived in the three modern Brythonic languages. Romano-British is the name for the Latinised form of the linguistic communication used by Roman authors.

British English is spoken in the present day across the island, and developed from the Old English language brought to the island past Anglo-Saxon settlers from the mid 5th century. Some 1.5 million people speak Scots—which was indigenous linguistic communication of Scotland and has become closer to English over centuries.^{[87] [88]} An estimated 700,000 people speak Welsh,^[89] an official language in Wales.^[90] In parts of due north west Scotland, Scottish Gaelic remains widely spoken. There are various regional dialects of English, and numerous languages spoken past some immigrant populations.

Faith

Christianity has been the largest religion by number of adherents since the Early Middle Ages: it was introduced under the ancient Romans, developing as Celtic Christianity. According to tradition, Christianity arrived in the 1st or second century. The nigh popular form is Anglicanism (known equally Episcopalism in Scotland). Dating from the 16th-century Reformation, it regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed. The Head of the Church building is the monarch of the U.k., equally the Supreme Governor. It has the condition of established church in England. There are just over 26 million adherents to Anglicanism in U.k. today,^[91] although just around one million regularly attend services. The second largest Christian exercise is the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church building, which traces its history to the 6th century with Augustine's mission and was the chief religion for around a g years. There are over five million adherents today, 4.five million in England and Wales^[92] and 750,000 in Scotland,^[93] although fewer than a meg Catholics regularly attend mass.^[94]

The Church of Scotland, a grade of Protestantism with a Presbyterian system of ecclesiastical polity, is the 3rd well-nigh numerous on the island with around 2.one million members.^[95] Introduced in Scotland by clergyman John Knox, information technology has the status of national church in Scotland. The monarch of the Britain is represented past a Lord High Commissioner. Methodism is the fourth largest and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley.^[96] Information technology gained popularity in the old manufacturing plant towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, also among tin can miners in Cornwall.^[97] The Presbyterian Church of Wales, which follows Calvinistic Methodism, is the largest denomination in Wales. There are other not-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, the United Reformed Church building (a union of Congregationalists and English Presbyterians), Unitarians.^[98] The get-go patron saint of U.k. was Saint Alban.^[99] He was the outset Christian martyr dating from the Romano-British flow, condemned to decease for his faith and sacrificed to the pagan gods.^[100] In more recent times, some accept suggested the adoption of St Aidan as another patron saint of Britain.^[101] From Ireland, he worked at Iona amid the Dál Riata and and then Lindisfarne where he restored Christianity to Northumbria.^[101]

The 3 constituent countries of the United Kingdom have patron saints: Saint George and Saint Andrew are represented in the flags of England and Scotland respectively.^[102] These two flags combined to form the basis of the Great Britain regal flag of 1604.^[102] Saint David is the patron saint of Wales.^[103] At that place are many other British saints. Some of the best known are Cuthbert, Columba, Patrick, Margaret, Edward the Confessor, Mungo, Thomas More than, Petroc, Bede, and Thomas Becket.^[103]

Numerous other religions are practised.^[104] The 2011 census recorded that Islam had around 2.7 one thousand thousand adherents (excluding Scotland with about 76,000).^[105] More than than one.4 1000000 people (excluding Scotland'due south near 38,000) believe in Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism—religions that developed in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.^[105] Judaism figured slightly more than Buddhism at the 2011 demography, having 263,000 adherents (excluding Scotland's about 6000).^[105] Jews take inhabited United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland since 1070. Yet those resident and open about their religion were expelled from England in 1290, replicated in another Catholic countries of the era. Jews were permitted to re-establish settlement as of 1656, in the interregnum which was a peak of anti-Catholicism.^[106] Most Jews in Nifty Britain accept ancestors who fled for their lives, particularly from 19th century Republic of lithuania and the territories occupied by Nazi Germany.^[107]

See also

• Listing of islands of England
• List of islands of Scotland
• List of islands of Wales

Notes

1. ^ The political definition of Peachy Britain – that is, England, Scotland and Wales combined – includes a number of offshore islands such as the Island of Wight, Anglesey and Shetland which are not function of the geographical island of Great Britain. Those iii countries combined have a total area of 234,402 kmⁱⁱ (90,503 sq mi).^[vii]

References

1. ^ ISLAND DIRECTORY, Un Surroundings Programme. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
2. ^ "Great Britain's tallest mountain is taller". Ordnance Survey Blog. 18 March 2016.
3. ^ 2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom. In the 2011 census, the population of England, Wales and Scotland was estimated to be approximately 61,370,000; comprising lx,800,000 on Great Great britain, and 570,000 on other islands. Retrieved 23 January 2014
4. ^ "Ethnic Grouping by Age in England and Wales". world wide web.nomisweb.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
5. ^ "Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011" (PDF). www.scotlandscensus.gov.u.k.. Retrieved 2 Feb 2014.
6. ^ "Islands past land expanse, United Nations Surround Programme". Islands.unep.ch. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
7. ^ "The Countries of the UK". Role of National Statistics. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on viii January 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
8. ^ "says 803 islands which accept a distinguishable coastline on an Ordnance Survey map, and several m more than exist which are also small to be shown as anything only a dot". Mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.britain. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
9. ^ "Population Estimates" (PDF). National Statistics Online. Newport, Wales: Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
10. ^ Run into Geohive.com State data Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Automobile; Japan Demography of 2000; United Kingdom Census of 2001. The editors of List of islands by population announced to take used similar data from the relevant statistics bureaux, and totalled up the various authoritative districts that brand up each isle, and then done the same for less populous islands. An editor of this article has not repeated that work. Therefore this plausible and eminently reasonable ranking is posted as unsourced common noesis.
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13. ^ O'Rahilly 1946 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFO'Rahilly1946 (assist)
14. ^ 4.20 provides a translation describing Caesar's offset invasion, using terms which from IV.Xx appear in Latin equally arriving in "Britannia", the inhabitants being "Britanni", and on p30 "principes Britanniae" (i.e., "chiefs of Britannia") is translated as "chiefs of Britain".
15. ^ Cunliffe 2002, pp. 94–95 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCunliffe2002 (help)
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Bibliography

• Pliny the Elder (translated past Rackham, Harris) (1938). Natural History. Harvard University Press.
• Ball, Martin John (1994). The Celtic Languages. Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-01035-ane.
• Butler, Alban (1997). Butler's Lives of the Saints. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-86012-255-5.
• Frodin, D. G. (2001). Guide to Standard Floras of the World. Cambridge Academy Printing. ISBN978-0-521-79077-2.
• Spencer, Colin (2003). British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-13110-0.
• Andrews, Robert (2004). The Rough Guide to Britain. Crude Guides Ltd. ISBN978-one-84353-301-6.
• Dawkins, Peter (2004). The Shakespeare Enigma. Polair Publishing. ISBN978-0-9545389-4-1.
• Major, John (2004). History in Quotations. Cassell. ISBN978-0-304-35387-three.
• Else, David (2005). Great U.k.. Lonely Planet. ISBN978-one-74059-921-4.
• Kaufman, Will; Slettedahl, Heidi Macpherson (2005). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-Clio. ISBN978-1-85109-431-8.
• Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). Origins of the British. Carroll & Graf. ISBN978-0-7867-1890-0.
• Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World. McFarland. ISBN978-0-7864-2248-7.
• Massey, Gerald (2007). A Book of the Beginnings, Vol. i. Cosimo. ISBN978-1-60206-829-2.
• Taylor, Isaac (2008). Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar. ISBN978-0-559-29667-3.
• Legon, Northward.W.; Henrici, A. (2005). Checklist of the British & Irish gaelic Basidiomycota. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN978-1-84246-121-1.
• Cannon, P.F.; Hawksworth, D.L.; M.A., Sherwood-Throughway (1985). The British Ascomycotina. An Annotated Checklist. Republic Mycological Institute & British Mycological Social club. ISBN978-0-85198-546-6.

External links

• Coast – the BBC explores the coast of Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
• The British Isles
• 200 Major Towns and Cities in the British Isles
• CIA Factbook United Kingdom

Video links

• Pathe travelogue, 1960,Journey through Britain Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Car
• Pathe newsreel, 1960,Know the British Archived 4 Nov 2011 at the Wayback Machine
• Pathe newsreel, 1950, Festival of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Motorcar

This page was last edited on 23 Feb 2022, at 13:53

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Source: https://wiki2.org/en/Great_Britain

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